Evaluation of Therapeutic Regimens of Biapenem Against Acinetobacter Baumannii Infection in ICU Subjects by Monte Carlo Simulation / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To provide the basis for biapenem against Acinetobacter baumannii infection in ICU patients in our hospital. METHODS: One hundred-five strains of ABA were collected. The MICs of biapenem against bacteria were measured by double broth dilution method. Four therapeutics regimens (0.3 g, q12 h; 0.3 g, q8 h; 0.3 g, q6 h; 0.6 g, q12 h) in traditional short-time infusion, extended infusion(3, 4h) and two-step infusion(1.5-5.5 h) were simulated by using the Monte Carlo simulation, then the PTAs and CRFs were calculated. RESULTS: CFRs of all treatments of biapenem against ABA infection in ICU subjects were 90% except biapenem 0.3g, q12 h(0.5 h) and 0.3 g, q12 h (two-step infusion for 1.5h). PTAs of the whole regimens were >90% when MIC≥2 mg·L-1. Extended infusion and two-step infusion got the similar PTAs and CFRs with a similar time when the regimens obtained target, more than short infusion obviously. CONCLUSION: Biapenem alone should avoid for ABA infection as expiry therapy in ICU population in our hospital. Extended infusion and two-step infusion should be priority selection as target therapy according to sensitivity test.

Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy for orthopedic infections – a successful public healthcare experience in Brazil

Abstract Treatment of orthopedic infections usually requires prolonged antimicrobial therapy, ranging from 14 days up to 6 months. Nowadays, rising levels of antimicrobial resistance demands parenteral therapy for many patients. Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) is a modality that allows treatment out of hospital in these situations. In Brazil, where a public universal healthcare system allows full coverage for all citizens, implantation and dissemination of OPAT programs would be beneficial for patients and for the system, because it would allow a better allocation of health resources. The Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (IOT) started, in July 2013, a partnership with municipal health authorities in Sao Paulo, Brazil, in order to initiate an OPAT program in which patients discharged from that hospital would be able to continue antimicrobial therapy at primary care facilities. When necessary, patients could also receive their therapy at the day-hospital located at IOT. Primary care nursing and physician staff were trained about antimicrobial infusion and peripherally inserted central catheter manipulation. An OPAT specific antimicrobial protocol was designed and a special reference and counter-reference organized. As a result, 450 primary healthcare professionals were trained. In the first year of this program, 116 patients were discharged for OPAT. Chronic and acute osteomyelitis were most frequent diagnosis. Teicoplanin, ertapenem and tigecycline were the most used drugs. Duration of treatment varied from 10 to 180 days (average 101, median 42). Total sum of days in OPAT regimen was 11,698. Only 3 patients presented adverse effects. Partnership between services of different levels of complexity allowed implantation of a safe and effective public healthcare OPAT program for treatment of orthopedic infections. This program can serve as a model for developing similar strategies in other regions of Brazil and Latin America.

"Perdeu a veia": significados da prática da terapia intravenosa na unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal / "The vein is missed": meanings of intravenous therapy practice in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

A terapia intravenosa (TIV) destaca-se entre as tecnologias imprescindíveis para garantir a sobrevivência dos recém-nascidos de risco. Contudo, é fonte de dor, estresse e complicações graves. O objeto de estudo foram os significados da prática da terapia intravenosa na unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal (UTIN), mais especificamente: analisar os significados atribuídos à prática da TIV pela equipe e discutir como esses significados refletem no cuidado do recém-nascido. Trata-se de um estudo de caso etnográfico com referencial teórico da antropologia cultural, realizado em uma UTIN pública do município do Rio de Janeiro. Os sujeitos foram nove enfermeiros, quatro médicos, três técnicos e quatro auxiliares de enfermagem. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevista semiestruturada e observação participante. A análise qualitativa das entrevistas foi realizada utilizando-se o método da interpretação dos sentidos. Os significados, quando entrelaçados na "teia cultural", revelaram que a prática da TIV é reduzida a técnicas de punção venosa periférica, acarretando sérios agravos para os recém-nascidos e desgaste emocional para a equipe e a família. A ressignificação da prática da terapia intravenosa será possível a partir da reflexão crítica dos padrões culturais nos quais ela se estrutura.

Intravenous Therapy (IVT) is an important item among the necessary technologies for the survival of high-risk new-born babies. However, it is also a source of pain, stress and risk of serious complications. This article aims to assess the meanings of IVT as ascribed by care teams and to discuss the reflection of such meanings on the attention to new-born babies. The article, with a theoretical referential in Cultural Anthropology, presents an ethnographic case study carried out in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of municipal administration in Rio de Janeiro. Subjects were nine nurses, four doctors, and three nurse assistants. Data collection was carried out with a semi-structured interview and participative observation. The qualitative analysis was performed using the method of interpretation of the senses. Meanings, interweaved with the cultural network, showed that IVT practice is often reduced to peripheral puncture techniques, bringing on a series of complications for high risk new-born babies and intense emotional waste for the professional team and the family. Re-signification of IVT practice will only be possible with a critical analysis of the cultural patterns it is now based on.

Successful ABO Incompatible Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation with New Simplified Protocol without Local Infusion Therapy and Splenectomy / 대한이식학회지

BACKGROUND: Since the time various strategies have been introduced to overcome the ABO-blood barrier including local infusion therapy (LIT), plasmapheresis and rituximab, the graft and patient survival outcome of ABO-incompatible (ABOi) adult living donor liver transplantation (ALDLT) has remarkably improved. But, the need for LIT under rituximab prophylaxis should be reevaluated because of high incidence of the LIT-related complications. The aim of this study was to verify the safety and efficacy of the protocol without local infusion therapy in ABOi ALDLT. METHODS: From November 2008 to December 2010, 43 cases of ABO-incompatible adult living donor liver transplantation were performed. In all cases, the spleen was preserved. From the 1st to 20th case, LIT was employed (group I, n=20). From the 21th case onwards, LIT was eliminated from the protocol (group II, n=23). The 3-month and 1-year patient and graft survival rates were compared between the two groups. The clinical parameters including recipient, donor and graft-related factors were also compared. The graft function was assessed in each group based on the serial changes in serum AST/ALT, total bilirubin and prothrombin time. RESULTS: There was 1 case of in-hospital mortality (2.3%) among the 43 cases. Overall 3-month and 1-year patient and graft survival rate was 97.7% and 92.1% during a mean period of 11.4 +/- 0.4 (0.9~28.9) months. There was no significant difference in the 3-month and 1-year patient and graft survival rates (95.0 vs. 100% and 90.0 vs. 92.9%, P=0.60) between groups. LIT-related complications occurred in 4 patients (20.0%). One case of antibody-mediated rejection occurred in group II. Both groups showed no difference in graft function at postoperative 3rd month. CONCLUSIONS: ABOi ALDLT without splenectomy and LIT resulted in promising outcomes. Therefore, LIT can be safely eliminated from the protocol.

Therapy with continous intravenous infusim pralidoxime chloride therapy in acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning / 中国基层医药

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of continuous intravenous pralidoxime chloride infusion in acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning(AOPP).Methods The patients with severe AOPP were randomly divided into 3 groups:(1)group 1(n =51)received a bolus injection of pralidoxime chloride 2.Og followed by continuous intravenous infusion at 0.25 g/h.(2)group 2(n = 51)received a bolus injection of pralidoxime 2.Og followed by continuous intravenous infusion at 0.5g/h.(3)group 3(n = 50)received intravenous drip of pralidoxime 2.Og for 3 times a day.Efficacy was compared among 3 groups on the basis of time to reach atropinization,recovery of cholinesterase activity .cumulative amount of atropine,incidence of recurrence of pesticide poisoning,intermediate syndrome,and hospitalization days,etc.Results Efficacy in patients receiving continuous intravenous therapy was significantly different from the third group.But there was no significant difference in efficacy between the first and second groups.Conclusion The patients with AOPP can be effectively treated by a loading dose followed with continous intravenous pralidoxime chloride infusion.

Air in the Left Brachiocephalic Vein Accompanied with Pulmonary Edema / 결핵및호흡기질환

A fifty-seven year old female patient visited the emergency department with tachypnea and a decreased mental status. The patient had been receiving fluid therapy at home and a bolus of air was injected into the fluid bottle in order to increase the infusion speed. Chest computed tomography revealed air in the left brachiocephalic vein that was accompanied with pulmonary edema the diagnosis of venous air embolism was made. Venous air embolism can result from various procedures that are performed in almost all clinical specialties and they can be fatal in cases of massive air embolism. Therefore, it is important for all clinicians to be aware of this problem.

Ketamine Infusion Therapy in a Patient of Posttraumatic Syringomyelia / 대한통증학회지

The clinical syndrome of posttraumatic syringomyelia can complicate major spinal trauma and develops many months after spinal injury. The 50-90% of patients experienced the pain and especially the component of central pain. In patients with central pain following spinal cord injury, ketamine has been shown to be an effective analgesic. We report a case of posttraumatic syringomyelia in a 30-year-old woman who complained of central pain, weakness of both legs and dysesthesia. She had not responded to pulsed radiofrequency, or lidocaine infusion therapy, but a continuous intravenous infusion of ketamine, an N-methyl-D-asparate receptor antagonist, reduced her severe central pain. In conclusion, a ketamine infusion therapy resulted in a significant reduction of central pain without decreasing of motor power and function.

Efficacy of Hepatic Arterial Infusion Therapy for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using 5-Fluorouracil, Epirubicin and Mitomycin-C / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Prognosis of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated by conventional therapies has been considered to be poor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of hepatic arterial infusion therapy (HAIT) using FEM (5-fluorouracil, epirubicin, mitomycin-C) regimen for advanced HCC. METHODS: Eighteen patients received repeated HAIT using an implanted drug delivery system. Of the 18 patients, 8 patients had HCC with portal vein tumor thrombosis, 9 patients had recurrent HCC after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and 1 patient after surgical resection. The patients received 5-fluorouracil (330 mg/m2, every week), epirubicin (30 mg/m2, every 4 weeks) and mitomycin-C (2.7 mg/m2, every 2 weeks). RESULTS: Mean age was 51 years. The response rate (complete response+partial response) by tumor size on abdominal CT was 38.9%. Survival ranged from 2 to 24 months and the median survival time was 8 months. The cumulative survival rate of responders group was significantly higher than non-responders group (p=0.0385). The mean levels of serum alpha-FP and PIVKA-II in responders group decreased after HAIT (3,179 ng/mL and 2,850 ng/mL) than before (11,218 ng/mL and 4,396 ng/mL), but not significantly. Chemotherapy-related side effects were nausea, vomiting and alopecia. Three patients had catheter-related complications. One patient developed gastric ulcer. CONCLUSIONS: HAIT using FEM regimen is a useful therapeutic option for patients with advanced HCC with portal vein tumor thrombosis or ineffective response to other therapies.

The Efficacy of Hepatic Arterial Infusion Therapy for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma according to Extrahepatic Collateral Feeding Vessels / 대한간학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Despite the poor response rate of 20-30%, hepatic arterial infusion therapy (HAIT) has been often tried for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis or ineffective response to other treatments. The factors that predict treatment response to HAIT remain unclear. This study ascertained the response rate to HAIT based on the existence of extrahepatic collateral feeding vessels or anatomical variants. METHODS: Forty one patients received repeated HAIT using an implanted drug delivery system. Of the 41 patients, 18 patients were treated with 5-FU, epirubicin and mytomycin-C; 17 patients were treated with 5-FU and cisplatin; and 6 patients were treated with 5-FU, cisplatin and leucovorin. The patients were divided into two groups according to the existence of extrahepatic collateral feeding vessels or anatomical variants. RESULTS: Of the 41 patients, 10 patients (24.4%) showed a complete response (CR) or partial response (PR). Of 41 patients, 22 patients (group A) did not have extrahepatic collateral feeding vessel or an anatomical variant, but 19 patients (group B) did. In group A, 10 patients (45.5%) had a treatment response (CR+PR). However, only one patient (5.3%) had a treatment response (CR+PR) in group B. The response rate in group A was significantly higher than that in group B (45.5 vs. 5.3%; P=0.005). The median survival of group A was significantly longer than that of group B (10.8 vs 3.4 months, P=0.031). CONCLUSIONS: Hepatic arterial infusion therapy may be useful therapeutic option for patients with advanced HCC, especially in those that do not have extrahepatic collateral feeding vessel or anatomical variant.

Efficacy of Hepatic Arterial Infusion Therapy for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using 5-fluorouracil and Cisplatin / 대한간학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: There has been no standard treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) until now. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of hepatic arterial infusion therapy (HAIT) using 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin (CDDP) for advanced HCC. METHODS: Twenty patients received repeated HAIT using an implanted drug delivery system. Of the 20 patients, eight patients had HCC with portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT), eleven patients had residual tumor despite transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) or percutaneous ethanol injection therapy (PEIT), and one patient had multiple recurrent HCC nodules after surgical resection. The patients were repeatedly treated with an arterial infusion of 5-FU (250 mg/5 hours on day 1-5) and CDDP (10 mg/1 hour on day 1-5) via the drug delivery system at three weekly intervals. RESULTS: Of the 20 patients, three patients were excluded from the study due to death within the first 1 week of treatment or during follow-up before evaluation. The response rate according to tumor size on abdominal CT was 29.4% (5 patients). One of the five patients showed a complete response (CR, 5.9%), three patients showed partial responses (PR, 17.6%), and one patient showed a minor response (MR, 5.9%). Chemotherapy- related side effect, such as grade I-II nausea (n=2), grade II vomiting (n=1), fever (n=1), drug eruption (n=1) and catheter-related complication such as dislodgement of the catheter (n=2), occurred in six patients. CONCLUSIONS: HAIT using the FP regimen is another option for patients having advanced HCC with PVTT or for patients showing an ineffective response to other therapies.

Clinical analysis of trans-reformed-catheter infusion for treatment of fallopian tube obstrution / 介入放射学杂志

Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of trans reformed catheter infusion for treatment of fallopian tube obstrution with Yuebei infertility.Methods 86 cases of fallopian tube obstrution were recanalized by trans reformed catheter infusion. Results 86 cases with 169 obstructive fallopian tube altogether, among them 119 were recanalized by once of this procedure, 33 by twice. The total effective rate was 89.9%. 86 cases were all followed up including 39 cases got pregnant after once of this procedure, 18 were pregnant after twice of the performance. The total pregnancy rate reached 66.3%. Conclusions Trans reformed catheter infusion therapy is a safe and effective method to treat infertility resulted from fallopian tube obstruction.

A Case Report of Floxuridine Hepatic Arterial Infusion Therapy for a Metastatic Liver Tumor from Advanced Gastric Cancer

A 45-year-old man was found to have advanced cancer of the gastric antrum and lower body with multiple liver metastases. A palliative subtotal gastrectomy was performed, and multiple hepatic lesions were treated by hepatic arterial infusion therapy with floxuridine (FUdR) 3 weeks after the operation. This therapy was given for 14 days every 3 weeks. He received 4 cycles of the therapy. A systemic combination of chemotherapy with 5-FU and cisplatin was also perfomed. These two courses of intraarterial infusion therapy produced marked regression of liver metastases and necrosis. The effect was, thus, rated as a partial response. However, after the 4th course of the therapy, the patient dropped out for personal reasons. A brain metastasis was found 4 months later, and this intraarterial infusion therapy could no longer be performed. This case indicates that intraarterial infusion chemotherapy with FUdR may be useful in treating multiple liver metastases from gastric cancer.

Terapia intravenosa. Trabajo en equipo para evitar complicaciones por catéteres venosos / Intravenous therapy: team work to avoid complications due to venous catheters

La práctica de la medicina actual está relacionada con la administración frecuente de medicamentos y líquidos por vía parenteral, por lo cual se requiere una vía intravascular permeable. Desde hace algunos años se ha observado la tendencia al manejo extrahospitalario de pacientes con problemas crónicos que necesitan tratamiento farmacológico intravenoso. Estos procedimientos con mucha frecuencia son prolongados, y en algunas ocasiones por el resto de la vida del paciente, lo cual implica el riesgo de complicaciones, entre las que sobresalen las de origen infeccioso. El objetivo de esta comunicación es proponer una guía general para la creación y desarrollo de un servicio especializado en el manejo de dispositivos intravasculares, con la finalidad de brindar una atención de calidad. La integración de un servicio con estas características requiere de un equipo multidisciplinario en el que participe el médico, la enfermera y el químico clínico, previa elaboración de los criterios y rutinas que integrarán los procedimientos de manejo. Un manual de procedimientos señalará las técnicas de aplicación y retiro de dispositivos intravasculares, los cuidados de enfermería, estrategias de permeabilización de catéteres y toma de muestras, administración de líquidos y medicamentos. Es importante que queden señalados los criterios para definir la presencia de una complicación, ya sea infecciosa o de otra índole, y establecer los principios generales de su manejo. El cumplimiento de los procedimientos establecidos permitirá garantizar una atención médica de calidad a los pacientes que en su domicilio reciben los servicios y requieren de la aplicación parenteral de medicamentos por tiempo prolongado.

The contemporary practice of medicine is related with the parenteral administration of many drugs. It is necessary to maintain a patent vascular line that permissive the drugs and fluids administration in therapeutics for many diseases. Since many years ago, there is a tendentious to the extrahospitalary management to the patients with chronic diseases and whose need intravenous drugs administration. The treatments are the most of the times for longer periods and many times for ever. There is a risk for complications in this situation, and one of the most important is infection. The purpose of this paper is to show a general guide from a specialized service in the management of intravascular devices to patients who need the parenteral administration of drugs with the fewer risk of complications. The specialized service needs a physician, a nurse and a clinical chemistry, all of them working around de same purpose: a medical service with quality. They need to establish the proceedings of general management and the specials protocols that are require on a specific situation like the infectious or the obstruction complication. The strategies for the vascular cannulation, cure, technics for flu ids and drugs administration are very important. The accomplish of the proceedings will let the evaluation and backwards to obtain and guarantee a medical service with quality to the chronic patients the needs service at home.

The Meal Management of Korean Type 2 Diabetes Patients Using Carbohydrate Counting

Carbohydrate(CHO) counting is a meal planning approach used with diabetic patients that focuses on carbohydrate as the primary nutrient affecting post-prandial glycemic response. However, it has not been used in meal management of diabetic patients in Korea. CHO counting can be used by clients with type 1 and 2 diabetes. The purpose of the study was to determine the barriers to utilize the CHO counting when three levels of CHO counting were educated to type 2 diabetic patients who started continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy by nutrition lectures and counseling. And the CHO-to-insulin ratios were determined for the individual patients who followed the carbohydrate counting as a meal management, and the factors to influence the CHO-to-insulin ratios were selected through the stepwise regression analysis. Twenty- four subjects were received three lectures, and one or two nutritional counseling for a month. The average age of the subjects was 50.7 years, and the duration of diabetes was 9.4 years. Their body mass index (BMI) was 21.5 kg/m2. The difficulties of using CHO counting were 1) confusing the CHO exchange system to diabetic food exchange system, 2) lack of basic nutrition and not distinguishing nutrients such as CHO, fat and calorie, and 3) lack of motivation to make effort to count and record the amount of carbohydrates eaten. Nutritional counseling replenished the nutrition education and made patients practice CHO counting. Average CHO-to-insulin ratios at breakfast, lunch and dinner were 4.1+/-3.3, 2.9+/-2.6 and 2.9+/-3.0units/23g of CHO, respectively. CHO-to-insulin ratios were influenced by gender, age, BMI, post-prandial blood glucose levels and post-prandial c-peptide levels. The effective education and nutritional counseling of CHO counting can make CHO counting applicable to type 2 diabetic patients as meal management for improving glycemic control with less hypoglycemic episode.

Infusion Reaction: An Analysis of 58 Cases / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To investigate the reasons of infusion reaction. METHODS The liquid and disposable infusion tubes were tested by limulus amebocyte lysate(LAL).Blood samples were collected when infusion reaction occurred and the bacteria in blood culture were detected. RESULTS A total of 58 cases of infusion reactions within two years were from clinical department.LAL of liquid infusion was positive in 5 cases.Two isolations were identified from liquid infusion respectively.LAL was negative and no isolation for the unsealed bottle of liquid drugs with same batch number.LAL was negative for samples of same lot infusion tubes.The main drugs caused infusion reaction were refined medical herbs,large molecule substance,blood products and the medicine contained potassium ion.53.4% infusion reactions occurred in autumn.The seniles had high incidence.Bacteria were isolated from 5 patients in blood culture after liquid infusion. CONCLUSIONS More than one reason that cause infusion reaction.It is important to reduce incidence of infusion reaction through quality control of infusion tubes and aseptic process in infusion.